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Digital accessibility: best practices and challenges to know in 2025

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:40:58 +0000

Digital accessibility: best practices and challenges to know in 2025

With the new digital accessibility law coming into effect on June 28, 2025, digital accessibility is taking center stage in the development and design of websites, SaaS, and mobile applications. As the majority of services become digital, it’s vital to ensure they are accessible to all, particularly people with disabilities. Today, we explore the fundamental principles of digital accessibility, the challenges surrounding it, and best practices for creating an inclusive digital environment.

What is digital accessibility, and why is it important?

Defining digital accessibility

Digital accessibility is about making digital content and services accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. This includes people with hearing, visual, cognitive, or motor impairments. Simply put, web accessibility aims to ensure that everyone can access information, interact with online services, and enjoy a satisfying user experience, regardless of their physical or cognitive abilities. With an aging population, it’s increasingly important to develop accessible platforms and services that enable individuals to stay connected despite experiencing cognitive and visual declines.

Accessibility challenges for users everywhere

Today, digital accessibility issues affect both social inclusion and legal compliance. it’s also a major issue in corporate CSR policies. Digital accessibility means information and services are easy to use and understand, regardless of the user’s physical or cognitive abilities. Overall, it contributes to a better user experience and helps avoid the frustration often felt by those who encounter obstacles in their user journeys.

Impact on people with disabilities

For people with disabilities, digital accessibility is much more than just an advantage; it’s a fundamental right. As we mentioned at the beginning of this article, the law on digital accessibility is becoming increasingly strict and now applies to many private companies with a turnover of more than €2 million. By making websites accessible, we enable these individuals to participate fully in society and access education, government services, employment opportunities, and financial services. Indeed, a lack of accessibility can exacerbate social exclusion and limit the life choices of people with disabilities, which highlights the crucial importance of developing websites, software, and applications that comply with accessibility standards.

How can websites be made compliant with accessibility standards?

Guidelines and standards: WCAG and RGAA

To ensure that websites comply with accessibility requirements, several guidelines and standards are in place, including the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the Référentiel général d’amélioration de l’accessibilité (RGAA) in France. These guidelines emphasize the importance of creating resources that are perceivable, navigable, and understandable for all users, including those with disabilities. The first step in complying with the law is to conduct a comprehensive audit of your website, SaaS, or application and obtain your accessibility score. You must then publish it along with your multi-year plan, which demonstrates your commitment to making your platforms 100% accessible in the coming years.

Steps to creating an accessible website

If you are starting from scratch, it’s best to seek assistance from our professionals trained in digital accessibility. Accessible web development requires strict adherence to the 50 criteria of the WCAG (A and AA). This may seem more complicated or expensive, but it actually saves time and money. The trend is clear: while accessibility legislation used to apply only to public bodies and companies with annual revenues exceeding €250 million in France, it now applies to companies with annual revenues exceeding €2 million across a wide range of industries in France. Hiring professionals who are rigorously trained in accessible web development is essential if you are launching a new website or SaaS in the coming months. Our services range from project management assistance to the complete development of your website or SaaS. Feel free to contact us!

Tools for assessing website accessibility

There are various tools available for assessing website accessibility. Automated solutions, such as accessibility validators, can help easily identify non-compliance with WCAG standards. However, these tools are no substitute for a comprehensive audit carried out by accessibility experts. They are often a first step in identifying the extent of the problems, but they are never sufficient when it comes to issuing an official rating or identifying specific solutions. To ensure compliance, an audit carried out by trained and experienced professionals is essential. Once the audit based on the 50 WCAG criteria is completed, you will receive your accessibility score and the official declaration.

What are the best practices for improving the accessibility of your digital resources?

Design principles for optimal accessibility

Developers should also pay attention to site navigation, ensuring that it’s intuitive and easy to use for all users, especially those using a keyboard. By incorporating accessible elements such as alternative descriptions for images and descriptions for tables, you not only improve accessibility for people with disabilities but also the overall user experience and the site’s search engine optimization (SEO).

Accessibility of PDF documents and other formats

PDF documents and other file formats must also be accessible. To achieve this, it’s important to ensure that they comply with accessibility guidelines, such as those outlined in the WCAG or RGAA. This includes appropriate tags, clear titles, and a logical structure, allowing screen readers to navigate the content effectively. By making these formats accessible, we ensure that essential information is available to everyone, including people with disabilities.

Examples of best practices in creating accessible content

Best practices for creating accessible content include using clear, simple language, descriptive titles, and relevant links. For example, instead of using ambiguous phrases such as “click here,” it’s better to use anchor text that clearly describes the link’s destination. Additionally, creating subtitled videos and integrating audio descriptions can significantly enhance the accessibility of digital resources, making content more inclusive for all users.

Digital accessibility challenges in 2025

Technological developments and accessibility

As technologies evolve, new challenges in digital accessibility are emerging. In 2025, the integration of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and other technological innovations could raise complex questions about accessibility. Developers and project leaders must anticipate these developments and ensure that these new technologies are designed to be inclusive.

Compliance with accessibility legislation

Compliance with accessibility legislation is another major issue. The law of February 11, 2005, stipulates that public services must be accessible to all. A European directive, specifically 2019/882, is changing the situation by making digital accessibility compliance mandatory for many companies with more than 10 employees and a turnover of over €2 million in France. This directive was transposed into French law on March 7, 2023, and will be applicable on June 28, 2025. There are an increasing number of regulatory bodies, such as Arcom and the AMF, and penalties have also increased.

Training and awareness for developers and designers

To overcome accessibility challenges, training and awareness are essential for developers, designers, and web project managers. By 2025, it will be crucial for these professionals to understand accessibility principles and be trained to integrate these standards into their daily work. At Aksé, we can support you in developing your skills and take the lead in your mission to become fully compliant.

How to conduct an accessibility audit for your website?

Accessibility audit methodology

An accessibility audit is a key step in assessing a website’s compliance. It begins with an in-depth analysis of the site’s elements, checking each aspect against WCAG and RGAA standards. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the site’s accessibility and identify areas for improvement. Most importantly, you will receive a score that declares whether you are accessible, partially accessible, or not accessible. To be fully compliant with the law, you must publish your official digital accessibility statement and have a multi-year improvement plan in place to achieve 100% accessibility in the near future.

Tools and resources for conducting a WCAG audit

Several tools and resources are available to conduct an accessibility audit. Automated tools such as Axe, WAVE, or Lighthouse can quickly identify accessibility issues. However, it’s important to combine these assessments with manual testing for a more in-depth analysis. At Aksé, we utilize our own guides and checklists to enhance the accuracy and quality of our recommendations.

Interpreting the results of an accessibility audit

Interpreting the results of an accessibility audit requires an understanding of accessibility standards and expectations. By entrusting the Aksé team with your audit, you will receive a clear and comprehensive report detailing the identified issues and recommended solutions. We recommend addressing critical issues first, followed by less urgent items. Once the changes have been made, we can assist you in conducting follow-up tests to ensure that the changes have effectively improved the site’s accessibility.

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Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete WCAG Compliance Guide for 2025

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:38:58 +0000

Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete WCAG Compliance Guide for 2025

Digital accessibility has become a legal requirement across Canada, with federal and provincial governments implementing comprehensive legislation that mandates WCAG compliance for websites, mobile applications, and digital content. As we move through 2025, understanding these digital accessibility requirements isn’t just about legal compliance—it’s about ensuring equal access to digital services for the 6.2 million Canadians living with disabilities.

Whether you’re managing a federal government website, running an Ontario business, or operating across multiple provinces, this guide will help you navigate Canada’s complex digital accessibility landscape and ensure your organization meets all applicable WCAG standards and regulatory requirements.

Understanding Digital Accessibility Requirements in Canada

The Foundation: WCAG Standards

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) serve as the technical foundation for digital accessibility compliance across Canada. WCAG 2.2, the latest version, builds upon previous iterations with enhanced guidelines for mobile accessibility, cognitive disabilities, and users with low vision.

WCAG is organized around four fundamental principles that ensure digital content is:

Perceivable: Information must be presentable in ways all users can perceive, including alternative text for images, captions for videos, and sufficient colour contrast
Operable: User interface components must be navigable by keyboard, provide adequate time limits, and avoid content that causes seizures
Understandable: Information and UI operation must be readable, predictable, and include input assistance when needed
Robust: Content must work reliably across different assistive technologies and remain accessible as technologies advance

Most Canadian legislation requires compliance with WCAG 2.1 Level AA as the minimum standard, though some jurisdictions are beginning to reference WCAG 2.2 or specific enhanced requirements.

Federal Digital Accessibility Requirements

Federal digital accessibility requirements apply to:

Government of Canada websites and web applications
Mobile applications developed by or for federal departments
Intranet systems and employee-facing digital tools
Digital documents and multimedia content
Electronic kiosks and digital signage
Federally regulated private sector organizations (banks, telecommunications, transportation)

Key Federal Deadlines for Digital Accessibility:

Large federal organizations (100+ employees): Compliance required since June 2022
Medium organizations (10-99 employees): First accessibility plans due June 1, 2024
Small organizations (fewer than 10 employees): No formal accessibility plan requirements

Provincial Digital Accessibility Laws

Quebec: A Unique Approach to Digital Accessibility

Quebec takes a distinctive approach to digital accessibility, operating under its own framework that differs significantly from other Canadian provinces. Quebec was the first province to pass accessibility legislation in 1978, establishing the “Act to secure handicapped persons in the exercise of their rights with a view to achieving social, school and workplace integration.”

Quebec’s Digital Accessibility Framework:

Unlike provinces with comprehensive accessibility acts that include specific digital standards, Quebec’s approach centers on government policy rather than legislative mandates. The government of Quebec has adopted its own policy on access to its documents and services for people with disabilities, which serves as a standard and reference point for web accessibility in the province.

Key Quebec Digital Requirements:

The Gouvernement du Québec makes its site accessible to all web users, including individuals with disabilities and those with specific needs. The province’s digital accessibility requirements include:

WCAG 2.0 Level AA Compliance: Government websites and digital services must meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA standards as a minimum requirement
Accessible Document Standards: All PDF documents uploaded to the web must be accessible, with descriptive web page titles and section headings that describe the content’s purpose
Multimedia Accessibility: Video content must include subtitles (pre-recorded) or sign language (pre-recorded), using Québec sign language
Third-Party Content Limitations: The Québec government cannot guarantee the accessibility of specific content from third parties that is not subject to government control

Ontario: AODA Digital Standards

Ontario’s Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) includes the most comprehensive provincial digital accessibility requirements in Canada. The Information and Communications Standard mandates that:

Public Sector Organizations must ensure their websites and web content conform to WCAG 2.0 Level AA, with newer content increasingly expected to meet WCAG 2.1 Level AA standards.

Private Sector Organizations with 50 or more employees must:

Make websites and web content conform to WCAG 2.0 Level A by January 1, 2014
Achieve WCAG 2.0 Level AA compliance by January 1, 2021
Provide accessible formats and communication supports upon request

Digital Document Requirements:

All new websites and web content must meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA
Documents posted after January 1, 2012, must be accessible or available in accessible formats
Multimedia content must include closed captioning and audio descriptions

AODA Compliance Penalties: Individual violations can result in fines of up to $50,000 per day, while corporations face penalties of up to $100,000 per day until the violations are resolved.

British Columbia: Accessible BC Act

British Columbia’s approach focuses on organizational accountability rather than prescriptive technical standards. Organizations must develop accessibility plans that address digital barriers and establish feedback mechanisms for digital accessibility concerns.

Key BC Requirements:

Accessibility committees must review digital accessibility barriers
Accessibility plans must address information and communication technologies
Feedback processes must accommodate various communication methods
Progress reporting must include digital accessibility improvements

Other Provincial Requirements

Manitoba (AMA): Requires accessibility standards for information and communication, with specific attention to website accessibility and digital document formats.

Nova Scotia: Developing comprehensive digital accessibility standards with a goal of full accessibility by 2030, including WCAG 2.1 Level AA compliance for provincial government websites.

Saskatchewan: The Accessible Saskatchewan Act includes provisions for digital accessibility standards development, with implementation expected in phases through 2025-2026.

New Brunswick and Newfoundland: Both provinces have enacted accessibility legislation with digital accessibility components, though specific technical requirements are still being developed through regulatory processes.

WCAG Compliance: Technical Requirements

Essential WCAG 2.1 Level AA Requirements

Perceivable Content:

Images must include descriptive alternative text (alt text)
Video content requires closed captions and transcripts
Color contrast ratios must meet 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text
Audio content must have visual alternatives
Content must be adaptable to different presentations

Operable Interfaces:

All functionality must be accessible via keyboard navigation
Users must have control over time-limited content
Content must not cause seizures or vestibular disorders
Users must be able to navigate and find content easily
Input methods beyond keyboard must be accessible

Understandable Information:

Text must be readable and understandable
Web pages must appear and operate predictably
Users must be assisted in avoiding and correcting input errors
Language of content must be programmatically determinable

Robust Technology:

Content must be compatible with assistive technologies
Code must be valid and semantic
Status messages must be programmatically determinable

Mobile Application Accessibility

With mobile device usage continuing to grow, Canadian accessibility legislation increasingly addresses mobile application requirements. Mobile accessibility requirements include:

Touch target sizes of at least 44×44 CSS pixels
Support for device orientation changes
Compatibility with screen readers and voice control
Sufficient color contrast in all lighting conditions
Alternative input methods for complex gestures

Digital Document Accessibility

Canadian organizations must ensure digital documents (PDFs, Word documents, presentations) meet accessibility standards:

PDF Accessibility Requirements:

Proper heading structure and reading order
Alternative text for images and graphics
Form fields with accessible labels
Color contrast compliance
Keyboard navigation support

Microsoft Office Document Standards:

Accessible templates and styles
Descriptive hyperlink text
Table headers and structure
Alternative text for visual elements
Logical reading order

Industry-Specific Digital Accessibility Requirements

Financial Services

Banks and financial institutions under federal regulation must ensure:

Online banking platforms meet WCAG 2.1 Level AA
Mobile banking apps comply with EN 301 549 standards
ATM interfaces provide audio and visual accessibility options
Customer communication is available in accessible formats

Healthcare Organizations

Healthcare providers, particularly those in federally regulated areas, must maintain:

Patient portal accessibility for medical records access
Telemedicine platform compatibility with assistive technologies
Accessible appointment booking and prescription management systems
Emergency communication systems that work with hearing and vision assistive devices

Educational Institutions

Universities and colleges, especially those receiving federal funding, must provide:

Learning management system (LMS) accessibility
Digital library and research database accessibility
Online course content that meets WCAG standards
Accessible student information systems and registration platforms

Compliance Strategies and Implementation

Digital Accessibility Auditing

Automated Testing Tools:

axe-core accessibility testing engine
WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool)
Lighthouse accessibility audits
Pa11y command-line accessibility testing

Manual Testing Requirements:

Keyboard navigation testing
Screen reader compatibility verification
Color contrast validation
Form and interactive element testing
Mobile accessibility testing

Development Best Practices

Semantic HTML:

Use proper heading hierarchy (h1, h2, h3)
Implement ARIA labels and roles where appropriate
Ensure form labels are properly associated
Structure content with semantic elements

CSS Accessibility:

Maintain sufficient color contrast ratios
Ensure focus indicators are visible
Design responsive layouts that work with screen magnification
Avoid using color as the sole means of conveying information

JavaScript Accessibility:

Manage focus for dynamic content updates
Provide accessible names for interactive elements
Ensure custom components work with assistive technologies
Handle keyboard events appropriately

Content Creation Guidelines

Writing Accessible Content:

Use plain language and clear structure
Provide context for links and buttons
Break up long content with headings and lists
Include alternative descriptions for complex information

Multimedia Accessibility:

Provide captions for all video content
Include audio descriptions for visual information
Offer transcripts for audio content
Ensure media players are keyboard accessible

Penalties and Enforcement

Federal Enforcement

The Accessible Canada Act empowers the Accessibility Commissioner to issue administrative monetary penalties up to $250,000 per violation for non-compliance with federal digital accessibility requirements.

Progressive penalty structure includes:

First violations: $1,000 to $10,000 for organizations (not small businesses)
Repeat violations: Escalating penalties based on violation history
Severe violations: Maximum penalties for willful non-compliance

Provincial Enforcement Mechanisms

Ontario AODA Enforcement:

Individual fines: Up to $50,000 per day until compliance
Corporate fines: Up to $100,000 per day until compliance
Director and officer liability for corporate violations

Other Provincial Penalties: Provincial enforcement varies, but most jurisdictions provide for significant financial penalties and may include requirements for public reporting of violations.

The Business Case for Digital Accessibility

Market Opportunity

Canada’s disability market represents significant economic potential:

6.2 million Canadians have one or more disabilities
Combined spending power exceeds $55 billion annually
Accessible design benefits approximately 15% of the global population
Mobile accessibility improvements benefit users in various contexts (bright sunlight, noisy environments, temporary impairments)

Risk Mitigation

Legal Risk Reduction:

Proactive compliance reduces penalty exposure
Accessible design minimizes discrimination complaints
Documentation demonstrates good faith compliance efforts

Reputation Management:

Accessibility commitments enhance brand reputation
Inclusive design demonstrates corporate social responsibility
Positive accessibility experiences generate customer loyalty

Technical Benefits

SEO and Performance:

Semantic HTML improves search engine optimization
Accessible images include descriptive alt text that enhances SEO
Clean, semantic code typically loads faster
Mobile accessibility improvements enhance overall user experience

Working with Digital Accessibility Experts

When to Engage Professional Services

Consider professional accessibility services when:

Conducting initial accessibility audits
Implementing large-scale remediation projects
Training development teams on accessible coding practices
Preparing for compliance deadlines
Responding to accessibility complaints or legal challenges

Services to Evaluate

Technical Services:

Comprehensive WCAG compliance auditing
Automated and manual accessibility testing
Code remediation and implementation support
Accessibility testing integration into development workflows

Strategic Services:

Accessibility policy and procedure development
Staff training and awareness programs
Compliance monitoring and reporting
Legal requirement interpretation and guidance

Future-Proofing Your Digital Accessibility Strategy

Emerging Standards and Technologies

WCAG 3.0 Development: The W3C is developing WCAG 3.0 (previously known as Silver), which will introduce new testing methods and expand coverage for emerging technologies. While still in development, organizations should monitor progress and prepare for eventual adoption.

Artificial Intelligence and Accessibility: AI-powered accessibility tools are becoming more sophisticated, offering automated alt text generation, real-time captioning, and enhanced screen reader compatibility. However, human oversight remains essential for ensuring quality and context.

Voice Interfaces and IoT: As voice-controlled interfaces and Internet of Things devices become more prevalent, accessibility requirements will expand beyond traditional web and mobile applications.

Building Sustainable Accessibility Programs

Organizational Integration:

Embed accessibility considerations into procurement processes
Include accessibility requirements in vendor contracts
Establish accessibility checkpoints in development workflows
Create accessibility champions within different departments

Continuous Improvement:

Regular accessibility testing and monitoring
User feedback integration from people with disabilities
Stay current with evolving standards and legal requirements
Document and share accessibility lessons learned

Conclusion: Making Digital Accessibility a Strategic Priority

Digital accessibility in Canada has evolved from a best practice to a legal requirement with significant penalties for non-compliance. Organizations that view accessibility as merely a compliance checkbox miss the opportunity to create truly inclusive digital experiences that serve all Canadians effectively.

Success in Canada’s digital accessibility landscape requires understanding the complex interplay of federal and provincial requirements, implementing robust WCAG compliance processes, and building organizational capabilities that sustain accessibility over time. By partnering with experienced accessibility professionals and making accessibility a strategic priority rather than a last-minute consideration, organizations can ensure compliance while creating digital experiences that work for everyone.

The investment in digital accessibility pays dividends through expanded market reach, reduced legal risk, improved user experience, and enhanced corporate reputation. As Canada’s accessibility legislation continues to evolve and enforcement increases, organizations that establish strong digital accessibility foundations today will be best positioned for long-term success in an increasingly accessible digital landscape.

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Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete Guide for 2025

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:36:35 +0000

Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete Guide for 2025

Digital accessibility has become a legal requirement across Canada, with federal and provincial governments implementing comprehensive legislation that mandates WCAG compliance for websites, mobile applications, and digital content. The Accessible Canada Act aims to create a barrier-free Canada by 2040, establishing ambitious timelines that make understanding these requirements essential for organizations across the country.

As we move through 2025, these digital accessibility requirements aren’t just about legal compliance–they’re about ensuring equal access to digital services for the 6.2 million Canadians living with disabilities and contributing to Canada’s vision of complete accessibility.

Understanding Canada's Digital Accessibility Foundation

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) serve as the technical foundation for digital accessibility compliance across Canada. The latest version, WCAG 2.2, builds upon previous iterations by introducing nine new success criteria, primarily focused on ease of interaction (e.g., drag-and-drop), consistent help, and accessible authentication for users with cognitive or motor disabilities.

WCAG is organized around four fundamental principles that ensure digital content is accessible to all users:

Perceivable: Information must be presentable in ways all users can perceive, including alternative text for images, captions for videos, and sufficient color contrast
Operable: User interface components must be navigable by keyboard, provide adequate time limits, and avoid content that causes seizures
Understandable: Information and UI operation must be readable, predictable, and include input assistance when needed
Robust: Content must work reliably across different assistive technologies and remain accessible as technologies advance

Most Canadian legislation requires compliance with WCAG 2.1 Level AA as the minimum standard, though some jurisdictions are beginning to reference WCAG 2.2 or specific enhanced requirements.

Federal Digital Accessibility Requirements

The Accessible Canada Act establishes comprehensive digital accessibility requirements for federally regulated organizations. As of May 31, 2024, federal entities must comply with EN 301 549, a European standard that incorporates WCAG 2.1 Level AA requirements while adding specific provisions for non-web software and mobile applications. While regulated entities must be compliant, the application of this standard is progressive. It is managed through the Accessible Canada Regulations, as well as specific regulations from the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) and the CRTC.

These requirements apply to Government of Canada websites and web applications, mobile applications developed by or for federal departments, intranet systems and employee-facing digital tools, digital documents and multimedia content, electronic kiosks and digital signage, as well as federally regulated private sector organizations, including banks, telecommunications companies, and transportation providers.

Federal Compliance Timelines

Federal government entities (all sizes): Initial deadline December 31, 2022
Large organizations (100+ employees): Compliance required since June 1, 2023
Medium organizations (10-99 employees): First accessibility plans due June 1, 2024
Small organizations (fewer than 10 employees): No formal accessibility plan requirements

Organizations that fail to comply with federal requirements face significant penalties. The Accessibility Commissioner can issue administrative monetary penalties up to $250,000 per violation, with progressive penalty structures that escalate for repeat offenders.

Provincial Digital Accessibility Landscape

Quebec: A Unique Approach

Quebec has a specific standard framework for websites and electronic documents, which requires the application of the web accessibility standard set by the Conseil du Trésor du Québec (based on WCAG 2.0 AA, with a transition to newer standards). Their approach is primarily implemented and detailed through specific government policies and standards, as opposed to the provincial framework acts of other provinces that have integrated WCAG standards into their regulations.

Quebec’s digital accessibility framework includes:

WCAG 2.0 Level AA compliance is the minimum requirement for government websites and digital services
All PDF documents uploaded to the web must be accessible with descriptive titles and section headings
Video content must include subtitles for pre-recorded content or Québec sign language interpretation
The Office des personnes handicapées du Québec (OPHQ) provides enforcement and guidance
Requirements primarily apply to public sector organizations
Private sector obligations addressed through human rights legislation

Quebec’s approach differs from that of other provinces in being policy-based rather than legislative, with specific accommodations made for Quebec Sign Language and French language considerations to ensure compliance with accessibility requirements.

Ontario: The AODA Standard

Public sector organizations must ensure their websites and web content conform to WCAG 2.0 Level AA. Private sector organizations with 50 or more employees must make their websites conform to WCAG 2.0 Level A as of January 2014, achieve Level AA compliance by January 2021, and provide accessible formats and communication supports upon request.

Key AODA digital requirements include:

All new websites and web content must meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA standards
Documents posted after January 2012 must be accessible or available in accessible formats
Multimedia content must include closed captioning and audio descriptions
Individual violations can result in fines up to $50,000 per day
Corporate penalties can reach $100,000 per day until violations are resolved

British Columbia: Accessible BC Act

British Columbia’s Accessible BC Act focuses on organizational accountability rather than prescriptive technical standards. Organizations must develop accessibility plans that address digital barriers, establish feedback mechanisms for accessibility concerns, and include accessibility committees that review digital accessibility barriers.

Manitoba: Accessibility for Manitobans Act (AMA)

Manitoba’s Accessibility for Manitobans Act mandates accessibility standards for information and communication, with a particular focus on website accessibility and digital document formats.

Saskatchewan: Accessible Saskatchewan Act

Saskatchewan’s Accessible Saskatchewan Act includes provisions for the development of digital accessibility standards, with implementation expected in phases through 2025-2026.

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is developing comprehensive digital accessibility standards with a goal of full accessibility by 2030, including WCAG 2.1 Level AA compliance for provincial government websites.

New Brunswick and Newfoundland

Both New Brunswick and Newfoundland have enacted accessibility legislation with digital accessibility components, though specific technical requirements are still being developed through regulatory processes.

Essential WCAG Compliance Requirements

Meeting WCAG 2.1 Level AA requirements involves ensuring your digital content meets specific technical standards across all four foundational principles. For perceivable content, you must provide descriptive alternative text for images, closed captions, and transcripts for video content, maintain color contrast ratios of 4.5:1 for standard text and 3:1 for large text, and ensure content is adaptable to different presentations without losing meaning.

Key Technical Requirements

Images and Media: All images need descriptive alt text, videos require captions and audio descriptions, and audio content must have visual alternatives
Color and Contrast: Sufficient contrast ratios must be maintained, and information cannot be conveyed by color alone
Navigation: All functionality must be accessible via keyboard, with visible focus indicators and logical tab order
Content Structure: Use proper heading hierarchy, semantic HTML elements, and clear form labels
Time and Motion: Users must be able to control time-limited content and pause auto-playing media

For mobile applications, accessibility requirements include touch target sizes of at least 44×44 CSS pixels, support for device orientation changes, compatibility with screen readers and voice control, and alternative input methods for complex gestures.

Document and Multimedia Accessibility

Digital document accessibility ensures PDFs include proper heading structure and reading order, alternative text for images and graphics, form fields with accessible labels, and keyboard navigation support. Microsoft Office documents must use accessible templates and styles, include descriptive hyperlink text, maintain proper table headers and structure, and follow logical reading order.

Multimedia accessibility requirements include:

Captions for all video content (both pre-recorded and live when feasible)
Audio descriptions for visual information in videos
Transcripts for audio-only content
Keyboard-accessible media players with clear controls
Alternative formats for complex audio or visual information

These requirements apply across federal and provincial jurisdictions, though specific implementation timelines may vary.

Industry-Specific Considerations

Different industries face unique digital accessibility challenges and requirements. Financial services under federal regulation must ensure online banking platforms meet WCAG 2.1 Level AA standards, while mobile banking apps must comply with EN 301 549 requirements. Healthcare organizations need accessible patient portals, telemedicine platforms that are compatible with assistive technologies, and appointment booking systems that are also accessible.

Educational institutions must provide learning management system accessibility, ensure digital library and research databases are accessible, meet WCAG standards for online course content, and maintain accessible student information systems and registration platforms.

Building Effective Compliance Strategies

Successful digital accessibility compliance requires combining automated testing tools with comprehensive manual testing. Popular automated tools include the axe-core accessibility testing engine, WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool, and Lighthouse accessibility audits. However, manual testing remains essential for testing keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, and form functionality.

Development Best Practices

Semantic HTML: Use proper heading hierarchy (h1, h2, h3), implement ARIA labels appropriately, and structure content with semantic elements
CSS Accessibility: Maintain sufficient color contrast, ensure visible focus indicators, and design responsive layouts that work with screen magnification
JavaScript Considerations: Manage focus for dynamic content, provide accessible names for interactive elements, and handle keyboard events appropriately

Content creation should focus on using plain language and clear structure, providing context for links and buttons, breaking up long content with headings and lists, and including alternative descriptions for complex information.

The Strategic Value of Digital Accessibility

Canada’s disability market represents significant economic potential, with 6.2 million Canadians having one or more disabilities and a combined spending power exceeding $55 billion annually. Accessible design benefits approximately 15% of the global population, while mobile accessibility improvements benefit all users in various contexts, including bright sunlight, noisy environments, and temporary impairments.

Beyond market opportunity, digital accessibility offers legal risk reduction through proactive compliance, which minimizes penalty exposure and discrimination complaints. Technical benefits include improved search engine optimization through semantic HTML and descriptive alt text, faster loading times, clean code, and an enhanced overall user experience.

Building Sustainable Programs

Organizations should embed accessibility considerations into their procurement processes, include accessibility requirements in vendor contracts, establish accessibility checkpoints in development workflows, and designate accessibility champions within various departments. Regular accessibility testing, user feedback integration from people with disabilities, and staying current with evolving standards ensure long-term compliance success.

Future Considerations and Professional Support

The W3C is developing WCAG 3.0, which will introduce new testing methods and expand coverage for emerging technologies. AI-powered accessibility tools are becoming more sophisticated, offering automated solutions while still requiring human oversight for quality assurance.

Many organizations benefit from partnering with accessibility specialists who understand both technical requirements and regulatory frameworks. At Aksé, we provide comprehensive digital and mobile accessibility audits, accessible website development, digital accessibility training, and ongoing compliance support.

Success in Canada’s digital accessibility landscape requires understanding the complex interplay of federal and provincial requirements, implementing robust WCAG compliance processes, and building organizational capabilities that sustain accessibility over time. Organizations that establish strong digital accessibility foundations today will be best positioned for long-term success, creating truly inclusive digital experiences that effectively serve all Canadians.

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Assess the extent of your digital accessibility, development, or branding needs

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Creating accessible links: the complete guide

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:34:11 +0000

Creating accessible links: the complete guide

Why accessible links are essential

Links are at the heart of web navigation. For many users, they represent the gateway to new content or a new action. When poorly designed, they can create major obstacles. Here are a few examples, depending on the type of disability or technical context:

For blind or visually impaired people: screen readers offer a feature that lists only the links on a page. If these are not explicit, the user is faced with a succession of “click here” or “learn more” links, without knowing where they lead.
For people with reduced mobility: a clickable area that is too small or a link that is too close to another makes it challenging to use a keyboard or alternative pointing devices.
For people with cognitive impairments: ambiguous or unclear wording can cause confusion and discourage navigation.
In certain technical contexts: a poorly identified link can cause indexing or referencing problems.

In short, an accessible link is better for the overall performance of the site, its referencing, and, of course, for the inclusion of all your visitors.

Best practices to follow

1. Provide an explicit link title

A link should have a label that clearly describes its destination or action. Avoid vague phrases such as “click here” or “learn more.”

Bad example:

Pour plus d’informations, cliquez ici.

For more information, click here.

Good example:

Découvrez le détail de notre offre de formation en accessibilité.

Find out more about our accessibility training program.

This ensures the link is understandable even when read out of context by a screen reader.

However, it is possible to keep generic visual labels. This is often the case, for example, with blog article titles or product descriptions. We often see “read more” or “see more” as the visible link title. It is indeed complicated (and a little tedious) to visually customize all these links. In this case, we add an aria-label that repeats the visible title and adds context. E.g.: aria-label=“read the rest of the article on accessibility.”

2. Avoid unnecessary repetition

If several links lead to the same page, they should ideally have the same title. Conversely, if the destinations are different, the titles must be distinct.

Good example:

Be careful with titles such as “Learn More” or “Discover.” They are far too generic.

3. Make links visually identifiable

The WCAG and RGAA stipulate that colour alone should not be used to identify a link. A simple colour change is not sufficient for people who are colour blind or have reduced contrast, for example.

If the link is not obvious, i.e., highlighted, then it must be a colour that contrasts sufficiently with the rest of the text and its background. These contrasts must be at least 3:1. In addition, another indicator other than colour must be present when hovering over and focusing on the link (e.g., bold text).

4. Ensure keyboard accessibility

A link must be accessible with the Tab key, and its focus state must be visible. This means that it must have a clear outline or be highlighted when focused with the keyboard.

Example of accessible CSS style:

a:focus {
outline: 3px solid #005fcc;
outline-offset: 2px;
}

5. Use sufficiently large clickable areas

Links must be large enough to be easily activated, including by users with motor difficulties. WCAG 2.5.8 recommends a clickable area of at least 24 x 24 pixels. Although this is an AAA criterion, it should be respected as much as possible.

Therefore, an icon used as a link must have appropriate padding or margins to provide a sufficiently large clickable area.

6. Clearly differentiate between links and buttons

A link should lead to a new page or resource. A button should trigger an action on the current page (send a form, open a menu, trigger a script). This semantic distinction helps screen reader users understand the role of each element. Bad example: Open menu Ouvrir le menu Here, the user expects to be redirected to a new page, but the element triggers an action on the current page. For a screen reader, this is perceived as a link, which is misleading. Good example: View catalog Voir le catalogue In this case, the link serves its purpose: it directs the user to another page. If the expected action is to open a menu or submit a form, use a

7. Handling images and icons embedded in links

If a link is represented solely by an image, the image’s alt text must describe the destination of the link. Example: For a decorative SVG icon accompanied by text, it is preferable to hide the icon with aria-hidden=“true” and add a text alternative to the link containing the image that describes the nature of the proposed action. Example:

8. Take specific display modes into account

As with colours, links must remain visible and usable in different modes:

High contrast: check that links remain distinguishable, even when your colours are replaced by those of the system.
Dark mode: ensure that the colour of the links maintains sufficient contrast with the background.
Off-context reading: test your links in a screen reader’s list of links.

Your checklist for truly accessible links

Only use “click here,” “more,” “>>,” or “learn more” as labels.
Make sure you don’t remove underlining from links without providing an alternative visual indicator.
Ensure links aren’t too close together or too small, as this can make them difficult to click.
Use links to trigger actions that buttons should perform.
Don’t forget to manage keyboard focus status.

Conclusion

An accessible link must be understandable, identifiable, and usable by everyone. This means choosing explicit wording, ensuring sufficient contrast, making the link visible to the keyboard, and respecting the distinction between links and buttons.

These simple rules can have a profound impact on the user experience. For a blind person using a screen reader, switching from a list of “click here” to a list of clear and explicit links makes navigation infinitely smoother. For a visually impaired person, a link with enhanced contrast and a visible focus is a guarantee of comfort.

By following these principles, you make your content accessible, compliant with international standards, and more enjoyable for all users. And last but not least, you ensure your links are SEO-optimized, which is always a good thing!

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Accessible Images: The Complete Guide

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:32:14 +0000

Accessible Images: The Complete Guide

Why accessible images are a major issue

Images play a wide variety of roles on the web. They can illustrate a point, convey information, guide navigation, or enhance the attractiveness of an interface. For people who use screen readers, such as those who are blind or visually impaired, an image only exists if a text equivalent accompanies it. Without this, the voice assistant will simply announce “image” or read the file URL, which does not convey any useful information.

People who are color blind also encounter difficulties when an image relies solely on colours to deliver a message. Finally, some people with cognitive impairments benefit from clear descriptions, which make it easier for them to understand the role of the image.

Ensuring the accessibility of images enables everyone to receive the same information, and it is also a legal requirement. The WCAG (1.1.1, 1.4.5, 1.4.3) and RGAA (criteria 1.1 to 1.9) standards require that all important non-text content have an understandable alternative.

When and how to describe an image

The first question to ask is: Does the image provide the user with helpful information?

If the image is informative (such as a photo, graphic, or icon that conveys an action), it must have a relevant text alternative.
If the image is decorative (a purely visual icon, a graphic motif), it should be ignored by assistive technologies.
If the image is complex (such as a detailed diagram, infographic, or data chart), a brief summary is necessary, accompanied by a detailed description or equivalent data.
Finally, if the image contains text, it must be replaced by real HTML text, except in exceptional cases such as logos.

Here is an example of content containing decorative images:

Here, the images next to the words tomatoes, olive oil, and basil do not provide any additional information. They should therefore be ignored by assistive technologies to avoid redundancy in the reading of information for visually impaired users.

Best practices in HTML

1- Provide relevant alternative text

For an informative image, the alt attribute remains the most robust method. This text should be short and precise, describing the essentials.

The title attribute does not replace the alt attribute: it is unreliable because screen readers often ignore it.

2- Hide decorative images

A screen reader should not read a decorative image. To do this, use an empty alt attribute (alt=“”). It is also possible to add aria-hidden=“true” to reinforce the hiding.

You will have either:

Or:
or

It is important not to use alt=“” with a space, as this practice is incorrect.

3- Precision for clickable images

If an image is the only content of a link or button, the alternative text must describe the destination or action. However, if the image is accompanied by text in the same link, the image must be hidden to avoid redundancy.

Special case: SVGs

SVGs are being used increasingly to represent icons or graphics. Their accessibility depends on the context.

A decorative SVG, such as an arrow next to a button, should be excluded from the accessibility tree:

An informative SVG, such as a diagram or functional pictogram, must have a name accessible via a tag and possibly a <desc> tag. <svg role=”img” aria-labelledby=“t1 d1”> <title id=”t1″>Sales distribution by region
Île-de-France 40%, PACA 30%, AuRA 20%, others 10%.

The choice between masking and description, therefore, depends on the role of the image.

Complex images

A graph or map cannot be summarized solely in an alt attribute. This attribute must contain a summary of the key message, for example, “Sales are up 20% in 2024.” A more detailed description must then be provided in the page text or in an associated section (such as a

or data table).

The special case of maps

Maps are a prime example of complex images, since they combine geographical, topographical, and sometimes interactive information. A simple text description cannot always convey all of this rich information, but it is necessary to provide at least the essential elements.

Informative map: if the map contains useful data (e.g., election results by region or the areas covered by a service), a textual alternative must describe this information. Ideally, the image should be accompanied by a table displaying regional data or a text list enumerating the affected areas.

In the example below, filling in the Alt tag is not enough. For example, a longdesc attribute must be added, providing the URL of a page with a detailed text description. There could also be a link or button next to the image that leads to the detailed description.

Interactive map (Google Maps, floor plan, route map): the map must be ignored by assistive technologies (attribute aria-hidden=true) and a text alternative must be provided with the same level of information. For an itinerary, this means providing a text version of the directions (“Turn left onto Rue de la République, continue for 300 m, then…”); for a floor plan, a list of locations and corresponding access points must be provided.

In other words, the richer the map, the more detailed the alternative must be. The user must be able to obtain, without seeing the map, either the main message or all the data it contains, depending on the context.

Text images

The WCAG and RGAA standards prohibit the use of images containing text, except when there is no other option (e.g., for a logo). Real text, formatted with CSS, should always be preferred.

Bad practice

Good practice

When a text image cannot be replaced, it must at least comply with contrast ratios (4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text).

Here is a list of exceptions that are not affected by this ban on image text:

The text is part of a logo or brand name of an organization or company;
The text or text image is purely decorative;
The text is part of an image conveying information, but the text itself does not provide any essential information;
The text or text image is part of an interface element on which no action is possible (e.g., a button with the disabled attribute).

What to avoid at all costs

aria-label=“hidden” is not a valid value. To hide an image, aria-hidden=“true” is the correct method.
Avoid vague alt text, such as “image” or “graphic,” which conveys no useful information.
Don’t leave an empty alt text by mistake on an informative image.
Assigning a presentation role (role=“presentation”) to an interactive or focusable element will be ignored.

Conclusion

Image accessibility is based on a simple rule: each image must be treated appropriately according to its purpose or role. If it provides information, it must be described. If it is decorative, it must be hidden. If it is complex, it must be accompanied by a detailed description. And if it contains text, this text must be provided in real HTML text.

By applying these best practices, all users, regardless of their disability, can access the same information. This approach enhances the user experience for all users and meets the requirements imposed by the RGAA and WCAG.

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Accessible colour palettes: the complete guide

admin8818 — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 15:28:56 +0000

Accessible colour palettes: the complete guide

Why colour accessibility is crucial

Colour is one of the most widely used tools in web design: it attracts attention, signals action, prioritizes information, and conveys emotion. But relying solely on colour can create significant obstacles for some users.

People with colour blindness: approximately 8% of men and 0.5% of women are affected by some form of colour blindness. For them, certain combinations (such as red/green and blue/purple) become indistinguishable.
Visually impaired people: poor contrast perception makes reading difficult, especially if the text is light on a light background or dark on a dark background.
Mobile users: high brightness on a screen can reduce colour readability, even for people without visual impairments.
Elderly people: sensitivity to contrast decreases with age, making reading on screen even more difficult.

Ensuring good colour accessibility is not just about complying with the law. More importantly, it is about enabling everyone to use and understand content without ambiguity.

This is why the WCAG imposes two major rules:

Criterion 1.4.1 “Use of colour”: colour should never be the only means of conveying information.

Criteria 1.4.3 and 1.4.11 “Contrast”: there must be sufficient contrast between the text and its background.

The RGAA incorporates these obligations in its criteria 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.

Best practices to follow

1. Never convey information solely through colour

Let’s take a typical example: a form where required fields are marked in red. For someone who is colour blind, this difference may be imperceptible.

Email (required)

Here, the word “required” is written in full, and the aria-required=“true” attribute allows assistive technologies to announce the information correctly.

Other common cases to correct:

Links differentiated only by colour: it is advisable to add underlining or an additional visual effect.
Colour-coded tables: provide a text legend, or use distinctive patterns/shapes.
Active state or error of a button: combine colour with a pictogram or text message.

2. Ensure sufficient contrast for text

The WCAG (criterion 1.4.3) imposes minimum contrast ratios:

Normal text (< 24px or 18,5px bold): 4.5:1.
Large text (≥ 24px or 18,5px bold): 3:1.

These ratios ensure that text remains legible for the majority of users, including those with low vision.

Correct example: black text (#000000) on a white background (#FFFFFF) → contrast 21:1.

Incorrect example: light gray text (#999999) on a white background (#FFFFFF) → contrast 2.5:1.

Tools such as WebAIM’s Contrast Checker or the “Colour Contrast Analyzer” extension allow you to test combinations quickly.

3. Ensure sufficient contrast for interactive elements

Interactive elements, such as buttons, form fields, or interactive pictograms, must also have sufficient contrast with their background.

WCAG and RGAA require a contrast of at least 3:1 between the interactive element and its background.

See the example below, which features a blue-outlined form field on a grey background. The top one has sufficient contrast, with the blue colour (#0051FF) on the gray background (#EDEBEB). The bottom one is insufficient, as the blue (#AEC7FF) is too light compared to the grey background.

4. Check the accessibility of interactive states

Links and buttons must remain identifiable at all stages: normal state, hover, keyboard focus, and click (active). Other visual cues, such as underlining or border thickness, must reinforce colour changes. The contrast of these interactive elements must meet a minimum ratio of 3:1, regardless of their state.

5. Ensure readability in different display modes

Not all users see your site under the same conditions. Some activate specific display modes, which can completely transform the colours of an interface.

High contrast mode (Windows, Linux, browser extensions)

In this mode, the colours defined by CSS can be replaced by those chosen by the user. The background can be set to black and the text white, or vice versa. Background images, gradients, and drop shadows are often disabled. Consequence: if the text relies on a background image to be readable, it will disappear. If an icon is only displayed in light colours on a light background, it may be invisible.

Dark mode or custom themes (dark mode/high contrast custom)

More and more systems (iOS, Android, macOS, Windows) and browsers offer a “dark mode.” If your site is not designed to handle these switches, dark text may become unreadable on a dark background.

User colour customization

Some visually impaired users set their own colour combinations (e.g., yellow text on a black background). This means that your default styles must be flexible enough to adapt. Best practices:

Avoid using background images or gradients to convey essential information.
Check that icons and buttons remain visible when the background changes (use borders, symbols, or high contrast).
Ensure that the interface remains functional even when the system contrast is enabled. For example, test the page with Windows high contrast mode.
Use CSS media queries (prefers-contrast, prefers-colour-scheme) to offer a version adapted for dark mode or high contrast. Example:

@media (prefers-colour-scheme: dark) { body { background: #000; colour: #fff; } }

Common mistakes

Using colour alone to indicate an error in a form.
Choosing “trendy” palettes without checking the contrasts. Styles change, but the constraints remain the same.
Forgetting to test icons and pictograms: a yellow icon on a white background may be invisible to many users.
Removing underlining from links without adding another visual indicator.

Colours and contrasts are essential elements of digital accessibility. They ensure that content remains readable and understandable, regardless of the user’s visual impairment, lighting environment, or age.

To design an accessible website or application, there are three simple principles to remember: never rely solely on colour, ensure sufficient contrast for all text and interactive elements, and test interfaces in different display contexts.

Doing this work upfront prevents many problems and provides all users with a clear, enjoyable, and equitable browsing experience.

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Digital accessibility: best practices and challenges to know in 2025

Digital accessibility: best practices and challenges to know in 2025

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Guidelines and standards: WCAG and RGAA

Steps to creating an accessible website

Tools for assessing website accessibility

What are the best practices for improving the accessibility of your digital resources?

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Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete WCAG Compliance Guide for 2025

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Digital Accessibility Laws in Canada: Your Complete Guide for 2025

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